Predictive Processing is a computational theory of brain functioning where the brain continuously works to minimise error between existing model-based predictions and incoming information (May et al 2021). The theory asserts that the brain generates prior models or predictions of sensory input at multiple levels, generating expectations or inferences regarding future input. This function serves to minimise uncertainties and maximise efficiencies (Wilkinson et al, 2017). Predictive processing as a theory also helps to explain the large number of descending connections in the brain (Walsh et al 2020). In the instances where unpredicted or unexpected sensory input is detected (referred to as a prediction error) this information may pass through these multiple layer and then can update the prior model.
Predictive Processing has been described as “A leading theoretical framework for Sensory Processing” (Tabas et al 2021) and has a lot of ‘explanatory power’ for mental health and sensory processing clinical areas.
When we consider that the brain is largely predicting rather than reacting to sensory input, it may have clinical implications for OTs.
OT theories of sensory processing have acknowledged that different people can have different experiences of the same sensory input and the predictive processing theory is a useful explanation for this.
If we apply predictive processing to OT sensory processing theories, we may have:
Low registration/sensory missing
· Sensory input isn’t creating a prediction error until the input is intense or novel. Other sensory input is missed.
Sensory Seeking
· Sensory input needs to be intense and novel to create a predictive error and this feels positive.
Sensory sensitivity
· Sensory input is creating many predictive errors and it feels like too much
Sensory Avoiding
· Sensory input is creating many predictive errors and it is avoided
Julie and Carolyn are clinicians who read widely. We would love to see more discussions in the OT area on predictive processing. We have prepared a training on predictive processing to summarise the information and would hope that OTs can then discuss the clinical implications.
Course on predictive processing
References:
Tabas A, von Kriegstein K. Adjudicating Between Local and Global Architectures of Predictive Processing in the Subcortical Auditory Pathway. Front Neural Circuits. 2021 Mar 12;15:644743. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2021.644743. PMID: 33776657; PMCID: PMC7994860.
“Traditional theories of perceptual processing have failed to adequately explain why sensory cortices are infused with masses of descending connections.
For example, backward projections from V2 to V1 are 10 times more numerous than forward projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus to V1 and the processing of ascending sensory signals is estimated to account for only 1–2% of the brain's energy consumption. “
“Conversely, PP provides a satisfying explanation of these copious backward connections”.
Walsh, K. S., McGovern, D. P., & Clark, A. (2020). Evaluating the neurophysiological evidence for predictive processing as a model of perception. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1464(1), 242-268. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14321
May, C., Wiitingslow, R. & Blandhol, M (2021). Provoking thought: A predictive processing account of critical thinking and the effects of education, 2458-2468,
Educational Philosophy and Theory
Volume 54, 2022 - Issue 14